What Is Short Term Capital Gains Tax?

One of the most important and often overlooked factors for investments is tax implications. Tax on income earned has a direct impact on the return from investment. Similarly, you may even set off a loss from an investment against profit earned on some other investment. 

Hence, it is essential to understand tax compliance before investing. 
 

Short-term Capital Gains Tax

For capital assets, tax is applicable in two instances. 

a. Periodic Income – For example, dividends or interest earned from the investment is subject to tax. 

b. Capital Appreciation – The difference between the purchase and current market price refers to capital gain.

A capital gain may be short-term or long-term based on the investment holding period. Broadly, if the holding period of an investment is less than thirty-six months, then it is short-term. 
 

What is Short-Term Capital Gains Tax on shares?

For some financial instruments, the capital gain is short-term if the holding period of fewer than twelve months. These instruments include listed shares, government securities, zero-coupon bonds, equity-oriented mutual funds and UTI units.  

Sale proceeds of such financial instruments are subject to tax. To determine the STCG tax rate, identify if the short-term capital gain falls under section 111A or not. 
 

Short-term capital gains that fall under Section 111A 

Short-term capital gain under Section 111A is subject to tax at fifteen per cent. It also attracts surcharge and cess if applicable. Below are some instruments subject to STCG under section 111A.

i. Equity shares are listed on a recognized stock exchange.
ii. Equity-oriented mutual funds are listed and sold on a recognised stock exchange. 
iii.  Equity-oriented mutual funds, units or equity shares of a recognised business trust.

For example, you sell units of large-cap mutual funds on the National Stock Exchange. You held these units for five months before the sale. In this case, the difference between the purchase and sale price is subject to tax at fifteen per cent under Section 111A. Cess and surcharge are liable if applicable. 

Short-term capital gains that do not fall under Section 111A 

The short-term capital gain tax rate for shares other than Section 111A is at the standard tax rate. For individuals, it is per the income tax slab rate of the individual. Short-term capital gain is not tax-free. Taxpayers with the lowest income will be liable to short-term capital gain tax at ten per cent. 
 
Below is a list of a few instruments not covered under Section 111A.

1. Equity shares that are not listed on a recognised stock exchange.
2. Debt-oriented mutual funds 
3. Bonds, debentures and government securities 
4. Shares other than equity shares.

For example, Mr Shah is a professional with an annual income of Rs. 12 Lakhs. He purchases debt mutual funds and redeems the units within six months. The sale of debt mutual fund units does not fall under Section 111A. Therefore, it is subject to tax as per the slab rates.

Mr Shah’s tax liability is a factor of his gross income i.e., a sum of his annual income and profit on the sale of debt mutual fund units. The entire gross income will be subject to tax as per the applicable slab rate. 
 

How to Calculate Short-Term Capital Gains Tax?

STCG formula should be used to compute STCG on shares. To calculate short term capital gains tax, subtract the cost of acquisition from the selling price and apply the relevant tax rate.

STCG = (the asset's selling value - cost of purchase, any fees paid during the transfer or sale, and any costs associated with asset enhancement).

The cost of asset enhancement is not taken into account when calculating short-term capital gains on equity shares. Investors should become aware of additional factors in the formula above that determine their capital gains, though.

The difference between the sales price and purchase price of an asset is the net profit or capital gain. If the sales price is less than the purchase cost, then it leads to a capital loss. 

From a tax perspective, the purchase cost also includes the expenditure incurred during the sale and the subsequent cost of improvement. Refer to the table below shows to calculate the capital gain tax.

Here is how to compute the STCG on shares:
 

How to Calculate Short Term Capital Gain on Assets?

When determining the short-term capital gain, the costs paid during the asset's sale, the net sale consideration, and the asset's sale value must all be taken into account. Let's use an example to better understand how to calculate the short-term capital gain on an asset such as property:

In October 2020, Mr. Varma, a salaried employee, paid ₹ 20 lakhs for a home. At the time of the sale, he paid a brokerage of ₹ 12,000 and sold the property for ₹ 20,80,000 in July 2021.

The proceeds of the sale will be deemed a short-term capital gain and will be subject to short-term capital gains tax on property because the holding period of the asset is just nine months.

For Instance:

Exemptions and deductions under short-term capital gains tax on shares

The short-term capital gains tax on shares is not subject to any specific tax exemptions. However, certain income levels under which individuals are exempt from short-term capital gain tax. These include the following.

● Resident individuals with an annual income of Rs. 5 Lakhs with an age of eighty years or more.
● Resident individuals with an annual income of Rs. 3 Lakhs with an age of sixty years or more but below eighty years. 
● Resident individuals below sixty years of age with an annual income of Rs. 2.5 Lakhs.
● Hindu Undivided Families with an annual income of Rs. 2.5 Lakhs.

It is important to note that only resident individuals and resident HUF can claim the exemption limit for short-term capital gains tax under Section 111A. Such exemption is available only after adjustment of other income. Therefore, the basic exemption limit applies to income other than short-term capital gain under Section 111A. After such adjustment, you may utilise the balance limit for short-term capital gain. 

For individuals, there is no deduction under Section 80C for the tax liability on short-term capital gain tax on shares covered under the purview of Section 111A. Although individuals can claim deductions on STCG tax on shares not included under Section 111A.

Tips to Reduce the Burden of STCG on Shares

It is difficult to reduce the tax liability that arises from short-term capital gain tax on the sale of shares. However, individuals may adopt the following measure to reduce the tax burden.

1. Set-off Capital Gain

Individuals can adjust short-term capital loss against long-term and short-term capital gains. However, adjustment of loss cannot be an investment strategy and investors must refrain from using it often. 

2. Carry Forward Capital Loss

Investors can carry forward capital loss for adjustment in future financial years. Though, you can carry forward a short-term capital loss for up to eight financial years. 

3. Tax-Saving Mutual Fund

You can invest in a tax-saving mutual fund scheme to reduce tax liability and improve the overall return on investment. 

4. Holding Period 

The long-term capital gain tax rate is lower than the short-term capital gain tax rate. Therefore, you can hold the investment for a longer period to reduce the tax liability. 
 

When can you invest in the Capital Gains Account Scheme?

The Capital Gains Account Scheme is useful to reduce the tax liability on capital gain from immovable property. The Capital Gains Account Scheme (CGAS) enables individuals to park long-term capital gains from the sale of immovable property in an account with a PSU bank or any other specified bank until investments under Sections 54 and 54F. 

Section 54 provides tax relief to investors on investment of long-term capital gain from the sale of immovable property in a residential property. Similarly, Section 54F exempts tax on long-term capital gain from the sale of shares and bonds if you invest the net sales consideration in a residential property.

You can open a CGAS account only if you cannot invest the net sales consideration in a residential house property on or before the due date for filing your income tax return i.e., July 31 of the given assessment year.  
 

Conclusion

Financial instruments sold within a year of purchase are often subject to short-term capital gains taxes. The tax rate for short-term capital gains is either a specified rate or the ordinary income tax rate. Short-term capital gain tax is subject to limited deductions and exemptions.
  
STCG tax rate is less favourable for an investor against long-term capital gain. The objective is to discourage frequent selling and speculation. The government prefers to encourage savings and capital inflow. Therefore, it taxes short-term capital gains at a higher rate.